In unit 16, "Streams," you will see how to use cout to print data to the screen. For now, you can use cout without fully understanding how it works. To print a value to the screen, write the word cout, followed by the insertion operator (<<), which you create by typing the less-than character (<) twice. Even though this is two characters, C++ treats it as one.

Follow the insertion character with your data. Listing 2.2 illustrates how this is used. Type in the example exactly as written, except substitute your own name where you see Jesse Liberty (unless your name is Jesse Liberty, in which case leave it just the way it is; it’s perfect— but I’m still not splitting royalties!).

1: // Listing 2.2 using cout

2:

3: #include <iostream.h>

4: int main()

5: {

6: cout << "Hello there.\n";

7: cout << "Here is 5: " << 5 << "\n";

8: cout << "The manipulator endl writes a new line to the screen." << endl;

9: cout << "Here is a very big number:\t" << 70000 << endl;

10: cout << "Here is the sum of 8 and 5:\t" << 8+5 << endl;

11: cout << "Here’s a fraction:\t\t" << (float) 5/8 << endl;

12: cout << "And a very very big number:\t" << (double) 7000 * 7000 << endl;

13: cout << "Don’t forget to replace Jesse Liberty with your name...\n";

14: cout << "Jesse Liberty is a C++ programmer!\n";

15: return 0;

16: }

OUTPUT:

Hello there.

Here is 5: 5

The manipulator endl writes a new line to the screen.

Here is a very big number: 70000

Here is the sum of 8 and 5: 13

Here’s a fraction: 0.625

And a very very big number: 4.9e+07

Don’t forget to replace Jesse Liberty with your name...

Jesse Liberty is a C++ programmer!

On line 3, the statement #include <iostream.h> causes the iostream.h file to be added to your source code. This is required if you use cout and its related functions.

On line 6 is the simplest use of cout, printing a string or series of characters. The symbol \n is a special formatting character. It tells cout to print a newline character to the screen.

Three values are passed to cout on line 7, and each value is separated by the insertion operator. The first value is the string "Here is 5: ". Note the space after the colon. The space is part of the string. Next, the value 5 is passed to the insertion operator and the newline character (always in double quotes or single quotes). This causes the line

Here is 5: 5

to be printed to the screen. Because there is no newline character after the first string, the next value is printed immediately afterwards. This is called concatenating the two values.

On line 8, an informative message is printed, and then the manipulator endl is used. The purpose of endl is to write a new line to the screen.

On line 9, a new formatting character, \t, is introduced. This inserts a tab character and is used on lines 8-12 to line up the output. Line 9 shows that not only integers, but long integers as well can be printed. Line 10 demonstrates that cout will do simple addition. The value of 8+5 is passed to cout, but 13 is printed.

On line 11, the value 5/8 is inserted into cout. The term (float) tells cout that you want this value evaluated as a decimal equivalent, and so a fraction is printed. On line 12 the value 7000 * 7000 is given to cout, and the term (double) is used to tell cout that you want this to be printed using scientific notation. All of this will be explained in Unit 3, "Variables and Constants," when data types are discussed.

On line 14, you substituted your name, and the output confirmed that you are indeed a C++ programmer. It must be true, because the computer said so!