(Figure 4.19)

The SUM Formula
To find the sum of the values in a range of cells, you must perform one of the following two methods: 
Calculate the sum of cells located above or to the left of the active cell
Suppose that you need to know the sum of cells B3 to B7 and that you need to display the result in cell B9.
· Select the cell B9.
· Click the Autosum button located on the toolbar This button will add all of the values in the cells you will get the following result.
(Figure 4.18) 
· Press Enter key and sum will be displayed for you.
Calculate the sum of cells without displaying the result in an adjacent cell
You may need to know the sum of values and to display the result in a cell that is not adjacent to the selected range. For example, let’s say you want to display the sum of cells A1 to A8 or even the sum of cells A1 to A4 and A7 in cell A10. To do this, you cannot use this button: because it does not exclude cells and because it adds all of the cells above or to the left.
Follow this procedure to display the sum of a range in a non-adjacent cell:
· Click the cell in which you want the result displayed.
· Enter the following formula: =SUM (address of start of range: address of end of range). Example: =SUM(A1:A8) will calculate the sum of cells A1 to A8. 
· To build on to this formula, so that it includes the sum of range D4 to D8, the formula is written as follows: =SUM(A1:A8;D4:D8). Note the symbol “:” means up to, while the symbol “;” means and (or in addition).
For the purpose of our exercise, we will calculate the sum of cells B3 to B7 and display the result in cell B9. We can use the( Autosum )button in this case since all the cells above cell B9 are part of the equation and, therefore, a part of the sum to be displayed in B9. The blank row does not present any problems. 
· Move the cursor to cell B9 and click this button:. Note that the formula’s syntax is written in cell B9 and that it disappears when you press the ENTER key. Before pressing ENTER, you can make changes to the formula using the direction arrows to move to the cell that contains the formula.Now that you know how to copy a formula, you should be able to copy the one in cell B9. Reproduce this formula in cells C9 and D9.Your worksheet should now look like this:

(Figure 4.20)
Using Paste Function 
Excel contains over 400 spreadsheet functions, which are capable of executing very complex calculations. To make working with them easy, a special feature called Function wizard is provided.
Let’s see an example open employee.xls
Place the cursor in the D6 cell and run the function wizard . You can run Paste function either use Paste Function toolbutton or go to insert menu and choose the option function...

· Paste function dialog will open for you. 

· Choose Math and Trig from the Function Category 
· Choose sum from the function name. and click OK button.
· Range address will be displayed in the number 1 text . You can change the range by clicking thebutton

Syntax : = If (logical_test,value_if_true,value_if_false)

[Condition] [True] [ False ]

First the IF condition checks whether a certain condition is true or not. If so, the function returns the True parameter. If not, it returns the False parameter. IF function can be nested by entering additional If functions, as a result of the logical test.

· If B1 is greater than or equal to B1, print a number 40 in the cell A3 else print 50 in cell A3.

· If A1 is greater than or equal to B1 ,print the value of cell C1 in cell A3 else print the value of cell C2 in Cell A3

Whenever, user fills a cell range with the data that forms a recognizable series, the data input can be automated. There are two ways of doing this:

· Using Fill handle.

· For a large series, use Edit | Fill | Series ...

· Using Fill Handle

Filling a cell range with data that forms a recognizable series.

· First select the cell or cell range in a row or column.
· Place the mouse pointer on fill handle. Mouse pointer changes to +
· To copy, drag the mouse over range.
· To increment the contents, hold down the CTRL key while dragging.
· Drag the fill handle to neighbouring right or bottom cells to create an ascending series.
· Drag the fill handle to left or top to create descending series.
Excel can create different types of data series. some of the data series are:
Time series :
A time series can be linear like the data or time, or it can be circular like days of the week or month.

· Using the mouse pointer, click on a cell to make it acitve. Then click on the cell A1.
· Type in Mon and press Enter key. Click back on the A1 cell.
· Now posiotn the mouse pointer, on the lower right border of the current cell till the mouse pointer becomes like a thin plus( + ) sign.
· Click and hold he left mouse button, while you drag the mouse. With the pointer moves a grey shaded border, which specifies the range of the series to be generated.
· Drag the cell pointer to the cell A9 and release the left mouse button. The days of the week are now listed in the range of the series.
Linear Series : 
A linear series is a series with constant intervals. To create this series you must select two cells that contains the first and second value of the series.

Series with mixed Data Types.
The selected cell or range contains data consisting of text mixed with numbers.

Using Edit | Fill | Series 
This command achieves what can be done with the fill handle except in the case of Growth series which is not possible through fill handle.
Growth Series.
In a growth series, the prceding value is multiplied by a constant factor. The only way to create a growth series is by activating Edit | fill | Series